KMID : 1044620220550020193
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Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2022 Volume.55 No. 2 p.193 ~ p.204
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Women¡¯s Empowerment Facilitates Complete Immunization in Indonesian Children: A Cross-sectional Study
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Wirawan Gede Benny Setia
Gustina Ni Luh Zallila Pramana Putu Harrista Indra Astiti Made Yuliantari Dwi Jonathan Jovvita Melinda Fitriana Wijaya Teo
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Abstract
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Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of women¡¯s empowerment on the immunization of Indonesian children. The secondary objective was to examine the effect of wealth as a factor modifying this association.
Methods: We utilized data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The subjects were married women with children aged 12?23 months (n=3532). Complete immunization was defined using the 2017 IDHS definition. Multiple components of women¡¯s empowerment were measured: enabling resources, decision-making involvement, and attitude toward intimate partner violence. The primary analysis was conducted using binomial logistic regression. Model 1 represented only the indicators of women¡¯s empowerment and model 2 controlled for socio-demographic variables. Subgroup analyses were conducted for each wealth group.
Results: The primary analysis using model 1 identified several empowerment indicators that facilitated complete immunization. The analysis using model 2 found that maternal education and involvement in decision-making processes facilitated complete immunization in children. Subgroup analyses identified that wealth had a modifying effect. The indicators of women¡¯s empowerment were strong determinants of complete immunization in lower wealth quintiles but insignificant in middle-income and higher-income quintiles.
Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore women¡¯s empowerment as a determinant of child immunization in Indonesia. The results indicate that women¡¯s empowerment must be considered in Indonesia¡¯s child immunization program. Women¡¯s empowerment was not found to be a determinant in higher wealth quintiles, which led us to rethink the conceptual framework of the effect of women¡¯s empowerment on health outcomes.
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KEYWORD
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Immunization, Women, Empowerment, Children, Indonesia
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